Indian surgeons from as far back as 600 BC knew how to reconstruct a nose, as a common punishment for adultery was having one’s nose cut off.
Check It Out
My good friend Sylvia is a children’s librarian and fellow history-lover, and she often sends me very cool articles and things. Recently, Sylvia alerted me to this amazing document. It’s the log of all the books checked out of the library from 1856 – 1880 by George Frederic Jones. He was the father of American novelist, Edith Wharton (1861 or 2 – 1937). It was transcribed by Alan Behler at the New York Society Library.
Here’s part of it. You won’t be able to see it very well, but if you’re a fan of 19th-century writers, it’s definitely worth it to click on the link:
George Frederic Jones was a gentleman of leisure, and theirs was a society family, although it sounds like there were times when finances were somewhat strained (relatively speaking, obviously). The expression “keeping up with the Joneses” was thought to be a reference to Edith’s great-aunts Mary and Rebecca (who, according to this New Yorker piece, shocked Society when they built their mansion north of Fifty-seventh street).
The ledger of books is a real Greatest-Hits-of-the-mid-19th-century, and includes hot (or at least warm)-off-the-press releases like Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre (published in 1847, checked out by George 12/19/1857), Charles Darwin’s The Descent of Man (published 1871, checked out by George 3/5/1873), Flaubert’s Madame Bovary (published in 1863, checked out by George 11/20/1873), Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (published in 1850, checked out by George 4/1/1874), and Dumas’ The Three Musketeers (published in 1844, checked out by George 8/25/1874).
As far as I can determine, the first English translation of Madame Bovary wasn’t published until the mid 1880s, which suggests that George must have read that (and presumably The Three Musketeers) in French.
The six year gap in the ledger is the result of the family moving abroad from 1866 – 1872, where a society family could still live fairly lavishly but much more cheaply. The family left again in 1881, a year after the end of the ledger, this time for George’s health (he died in 1882).
Edith Wharton, By E. F. Cooper, Newport, Rhode Island, ca 1889 via Wikimedia Commons
Towering Ruler
The Frankish King Charlemagne (747ish AD – 814), was believed to be about 6’ 4 inches tall. His father was known as Pepin the Short.
Pox Stoppers
Smallpox inoculations were used in India as early as 550 AD.
Need a Lift?
Elisha Otis (1811 – 1861) didn’t actually invent the elevator—they’d been in use since ancient Greece, possibly even invented by Archimedes (of “Eureka!” fame), but had been powered by animals, humans, or water wheels. The Romans famously used them in gladiator contests, or when they needed to hoist, say, elephants up to the main level of the Coliseum.
Steam or hydraulic powered elevators developed in the early 1800s. But Otis was the first to add a safety brake to a freight elevator, which prevented a free-fall in case a supporting cable were to break.
In 1854, he gave a demonstration at the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York. Before a rapt crowd, he hoisted himself on the elevator car to the top of a building, and then deliberately cut the cable. But his safety brakes worked, and the elevator did not fall.
His demonstration boosted public confidence in elevators.
In 1857, the Otis Elevator Company installed the first steam-powered elevator in a five-story department store in Manhattan.
top image: By Zeddy (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
image two: Otis 1861 patent National Archives
Images three-four National Archives
No Spitting
After Indians player Ray Chapman was killed by a pitch in 1920, the spitball was ruled illegal, although the rule has been difficult to enforce.
Where Did I Go Wrong?
The father of the French Impressionist painter, Claude Monet (1840 – 1926), disapproved of his son being a painter. He wanted him to be a grocer.
A Long Week
In ancient Egypt, the week was ten days long; eight days of work followed by two days off.
Bridge Builder
The man who designed the Brooklyn Bridge did not live to see it built.
John Roebling (1806 – 1869), the designer of the Brooklyn Bridge, was taking measurements near a dock during the bridge’s construction when his foot was crushed by a boat. Several toes had to be amputated, and he died shortly after of tetanus. His son oversaw the completion of the project.
John Roebling By Commissioned for the Historic American Engineering Record [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Light the Way
City streets could be very dark in the days before street lamps. On moonless nights, citizens in 18th century European cities could hire a “link boy” to light the way, whether to precede the passenger who was on foot, or to light the way for the passenger’s sedan chair. The boy used a torch of rope or twisted rags, stiffened with fat, pitch, and resin.
Passengers had to be wary of link boys who were in league with thieves; they sometimes led the passenger into a dark alleyway where he was beset by footpads or cutpurses.
In his diary entry of March 25, 1661, Samuel Pepys interviews a link-boy:
“So homewards and took up a boy that had a lanthorn, that was picking up of rags, and got him to light me home, and had great discourse with him, how he could get sometimes three or four bushells of rags in a day, and got 3d. a bushell for them, and many other discourses, what and how many ways there are for poor children to get their livings honestly. So home and to bed at12 o’clock at night.”
